Podcast #9 History Of Computers

What is an abacus?
The first computer




In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?
The first freely programmable computer



Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.







In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?
Used by the navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations



Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.







In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?

census bureau


What does UNIVAC stand for?
Universal Automatic Computer.



In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?
International Business Machines

What is FORTRAN?


A high-level computer programming language used esp. for scientific calculations.






Post a photo of the first mouse.








In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?
Making them more user friendly by adding a mouse

What is the significance of ARPnet?
Because it was the first internet

In 1971, Intel introduced this?











First single chip microprocessor




Post a photo of it.





In the same year, IBM introduced this?

The first memory disk




Post a photo of one.









In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?
The first ethernet computer network

During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed.



Altair




Apple I




Apple II




TRS-80




Commodore PET


Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.


In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?
MS_DOS computer operating system




Post a photo of the Lisa computer.







In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?
Apple

What is GUI?
Graphical User Interface





Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.








In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?


The commercial only ran one time. When?
During the Super Bowl

In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?
Windows operating system










Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak


When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?
In the 1990's

Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?
Easter eggs are intentional “hidden features” or messages Apple has placed within their software. Easter eggs are commonly in the form of messages graphics, sound effects, and videos.

Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.
Easter eggs in Photoshop are a Belching Cat, Merlin the Wizard, Tiger Mountain, the Adobe Space Monkey, Dark Matter, Strange Cargo Credits and other weird secret messages and jokes. In Illustrator, some of the easter eggs are the Funky Venus Picture, the Pixel Show







Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?







I think it will take us into some very high tech things and very 21st century things, i think that they will start doign everything for us and we will be come very dependent to them.

Podcast #8 History of Photography

Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?
engravings or woodcuts

What is a camera obscura?A darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside.




Post an example of a camera obscura.







How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?
to observe light

From where did the photographic camera develop?
camera obscura

Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?
Sir John Hershel







Post an the first photograph.







Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?
Joseph Niepce


Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.








































Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Louis Daguerre and Niepce,it worked but it was very expensive, could not be duplicated







Post an example of a Calotype image.










Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
William Fox Talbot, quality was inferior, duplicates could be made


Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.







Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Frederick Scott Archer, less cost sharper imagePost an example of a Dry Plate Process image.







Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Richard Maddox, used gelatin instead of glass

Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish?
He is remembered for making photography accessible to all, kodak




Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.







In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?
He got a patent for the roll film

What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?
patenting polarized light filters, Polaroid cameras





Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.







How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?
60 seconds

What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?
motion picture photography





Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.







What is the Zoopraxiscope?

used to project a series of images in a succesful phases of motion


Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.








How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?All four of a horses hooves are off the ground at the same time during a gallop


In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?
individual images to be captured and stored ona single film reel


Post a photo of a motion picture projector.








What is a motion picture projector?

Helps put pictures to make a moving picture

Podcast #7 The Linotype Machine

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter?
Christopher Sholes

What is a "stenographer"?someone skilled in the transcription of speech




Post an example of Shole's typewriter.







Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
So he could test it and see if it was good

After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
Wat sholes made only solved one of hiis problems

Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
Ottmar Mergenthaler

What is meant by "typesetting"?Arrange or generate the type for (a piece of text to be printed).










Post an example of Linotype Machine.







How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
It allowed type to be set mechanicly rather than by hand

How did this machine change the newspaper industry?
Newspapers had up to 8 more pages




Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.







How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?
The letters were up and were a bit harder to push down


Post an example of a Linotype slug.







What is a slug?
assembled line of type is then cast as a single peice called a slug


Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.







Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?

by 1904 there were 10,000 linotypes in use, by 1954 there were over 100,000

Podcast #6 The Gutenburg Press

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?introduced modern book printing inventing the technology of printing with movable tpe




Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.









How did the printing press work?

ink was rolled over the raised surfacee of a movable had set block letts held with a wooden form




What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?

he began expeirmenting with metal typography




Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?

woodcuts were not durable










Post an example of movable type in a type case.









What is moveable type?
type pf pieces of wood with letters on them that reproduce a document

What is a matrix?
hard metal punch is hammered into a softer copper bar

What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
oil based ink

What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
used vellum and paper to print on

What is a "substrate"?
A substance or layer that underlies something, or on which some process occurs, in particular.

Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press?

John fust who was a wealthy buissnessman







Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?
Gutenburg still hadnt finished paying the loan of the press and he agreed that if he couldnt repay the loan with interest after 5 years fust would get it

What was the first book he printed?



Bible




Post an example of this book.










How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
Made the begining of a cultural revolution, made things easier to read, books spread more rapidly, economies became stronger

Who introduced the printing press to England?
William Caxton

What was the early form of newspapers?
The Boton Melody

When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
1704 The Boston Letter

What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?






A completely cast iron press




Post an example of a 1930s printing press.







By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour.

What is meant by "impression"?

Books or copies

Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?
Relief printing







Post an example of an intaglio press.







What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?
Image area is etched into the plate surface to hold the ink, ink is applied the rubbed with a cloth to remove the excess damp paper is placed on top a press applies pressure to transfer the ink to the paper




Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.







What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?


Stencil process ink is forced through mesh areas




Post an example of a lithography printing press.







What is lithography and how is ink transferred?
printing from a flat surface, the ink is placed on top and the greasy parts except the ink and the wet parts do not




Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.







What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
offset lithography

How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
some use mmovable peices and the oil based ink

Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?

cyan magenta yellow black

Podcast #5 The Book

Post an example of a scroll.










What were the drawbacks of the scroll?
They only allowed sequential usage and the readers must read the text in the order it was written





Post an example of a codex.










What is a codex?
covered and bound collection of hand written pages

"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
it looks like one

What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
sequential means you can only go sometimes but random means you can anytime that you want to

What were the advantages of using the codex?
can be open to any page flat and it was more portable

What helped spread the use of the codex?
associated with the rise of Christianity

What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?
parchment, substrate from animal skin, the hair and fat were removed and it was smoothed out, soaked in water, calcium flour and salt were added the skin was stretched out and then dried

What is vellum?
finer qualities of parchment were made from skins of young calves

Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?
name on the spine very portable like a book

What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?

decline of the roman empire




Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.



















Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?
Churches, schools, monistic monks


What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
the borders illustrations


What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
quill pens


Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
they were laborious illuminated manuscripts


What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?

the detail because many are still here today because of it

Podcast #4 Roman Alphabet

What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet?
Variant of the greek alphabet






What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?
Important manuscripts and official document for ridged scrips, informal was used for routine type writing


Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make?
It is the easiest to use and serifs originated, institution of the baseline in typography


From where did serifs originate?
carving of words into stone


When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?
developed much later


What is a ligature and why were they utilized?
The line that is used on a t or an f and they were made to make writing easier

Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form.

Podcast #4 Greek Alphabet

How did Greeks come in contact with the Phoenicians?
the phoenicians regularly traveled to greece and established trade agreements with them


How was the Greek adaptation of the alphabet different from its predecessor?
additional letters were included and some of the constants were adapted as vowels


Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet?
It rose above all the other alphabets


Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets?
















There are a few extra letters and the way that they look is very different, the way they pronounce the letters is different too





Post an example of the Greek alphabet in visual form.

Podcast #4 Phoenician Alphabet

The Phoenician alphabet is based on what principle?
Its a variation of hieroglyphics, ties with cuneiform or an independent creation, principle that one sound sign represents one spoken word


Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them?
A lot of the shapes are a visual image of what they sound like whe you say then but they are made with a stylus, most shapes were angular and straight


What two reasons made the Phoenician alphabet so successful?
Constrasted withother scripts, complex characters, trading culture


What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet?



Its simplicity allowed it to be used in multiple languages
Post an example of the Phoenician alphabet in visual form

Assignment 14 Research and Inspiration

Brainstorming:




Audience:

- Photographers that would want to be in the PPA

- Any person with a career in photography




Adjectives:

- Exciting

- Colorful

- Pops




Inspirations:




I really like this one just because of the colors, i would probably not have everything so centered and perfect but i like the pictures and the way the colors flow.




I LOVE this one because of all the vibrant colors and the different lines because it helps you move through the piece, it doesn't have enough room for everything i'm putting on mine but i love the use of the squiggly circles and the flowy lines.




I dont love this one but the reason i chose it is because i really like the arrangement of the words and how they put different things different ways.






I chose this as one of my inspirations because i like the way they put the headline and how they emphasized some of the important pictures and how its so colorful and fun, this one really caught my eye.

Visual Organization

Visual Organization: A way that a designer can follow on how to organize a page layout

- not directing an audience through a design is misdirecting them




EYE MOVEMENT 


- left to right; top to bottom

- controlling eye movement within a composition is a matter of directing the natural scanning tendency of the viewers eye

- eye tends to gravitative towards complexity first, in pictures of people the eye is always attracted to the face and the eye of the portrait

- light areas of a composition will also attract the eye, especially when adjacent to dark areas

- diagonal designs or elements will also guide eye movement




Optical Center: The spot where the human eye tends to enter the page. Optical center is slightly above the exact center and just to the left

- takes a compelling object to pull your eyes away from this spot

Z PATTERN


- our visual pattern makes a sweep of the page, generally in the shape of a Z

- effective page design maps a viewers route through the information. The designers objective is to lead the viewers eye to the important elements or information; put things in order of importance

FONTS


- use no more than two fonts

- make sure the fonts compliment each other

- avoid all caps unless necessary

- choose the right font (make it go accordingly to theme and tone)

- do not over use fancy and complicated fonts, unless for headline

Reference:
ww.typography.com/email/2010_0320110_03/index.htm

VISUAL HIERARCHY

- will establish focal points based on their importance to the message

- a crucial part is the establish an order of elements, a visual structure, to help the viewer

- what do you want your view to see first

THE GRID


- way of organizing content on a page using combinations of margins, guide lines, rows and columns

-instituted by modernism

-can break the audience by breaking info into manageable chunks and establishing relationships between text and images

-distinct set of alignment based relationships that act as guides for distributing elements across a format

-every design requires a different grid structure

-helps clarify a message being communicated and to unify the elements

Podcast #3 Hieroglyphics

In the sixth century BC, what three civilizations invaded Egypt?
Persian, greeks, romans


Post an example of the inside wall(s) of an Ancient Egyptian temple.





What was discovered on the inside of the temples?
Carved Paintings

Scholars believe that Ancient Egyptians were inspired and influenced by which written language?
Cuneiform; Sumerian concept

What is the difference between logographic and alphabetic elements?
logo- visual symbols, Alpha- document writing

The term Hieroglyphic derived from what two Greek words?
Heiro- sacred Glyphic- writing

What is a scribe?
Writing or pictures

Who else was trained to read and write? Why?
Students, military leaders, Gods, Godesses, Preists



Post an example of hieroglyphics on papyrus.

What is papyrus and how was it made?
Made from reeds and were criss crossed on eachother then rubbed by stone until smooth

What is a substrate?


What were the Books of the Dead?
Instructions and spells put together to help them into their way on the after life

How did Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics become a forgotten language?
BEcause hey were used by persians until the egypts could read and write so they didnt need them anymore

Post an example of the Rosetta Stone.

What is the Rosetta Stone? Where was it discovered?
in rosetta and it is a stone hat has writing al over it


What three languages are included on the stone?
Egyptian hieroglyphics, demotic and greek


Why couldn't the text on the Stone be deciphered?
Because a chunk of the stone was missing and none of the three texts were complete

Who finally deciphered the text? What was his breakthrough?
Jean Francois Champollion, when he could match up the hieroglyphics symbols with the greek version of the name pharaoh ramses

Why does the interpretation of the Rosetta Stone have such significance?
Because now we know so much about ancient egyptians and egyptian heiroglyphics